by Akiko Watanabe, Masahiro Watanabe, William Goetzmann
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Suggested foundations for asset pricing and factor research and probability and statistical reasoning. Specialist prerequisites vary by paper.
Interpret exposures, residuals and uncertainty in fitted coefficients.
Work with returns and recognise their empirical limitations.
Read the distributions and expectations used in probabilistic arguments.
Interpret expectations after information is observed.
Connect factor definitions to portfolio construction.
Distinguish exposure estimation from tests of expected returns.
Assess uncertainty rather than treating an estimate as a fact.
Connect diversification, common risk factors, investor views, and the properties of a risk measure.
Move from conditioning and expected values to timed problems with a defensible solution.